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Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Testing and Assessment of coatings in the field
Advanced Training Course (ATC3)
Biofouling & Bioadhesion Processes 
Dr David Williams, International Paint Ltd
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Presentation Content
• Introduction 
• Why is field testing important?
• Laboratory vs. field
• Static immersion testing
• Panel design & location
• Assessment Methods
• Analysis
• Biofouling adhesion measurements
• Dynamic field trials & test patches
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
The Development Cycle
Laboratory 
Tests/Assays 
Test-patching  Field Trials  
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
What do we want to measure?
• Antifouling (deterrence) performance 
• Longevity (> 5years)
• Variation in performance 
• Foul release performance
• Multiple fouling types 
• Coating adhesion 
• Over-coating over primer and self 
• Blistering or degradation 
• Physical changes
• Loss of mechanical integrity
• UV degradation at waterline
• Polishing/erosion rate 
• Colour 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Laboratory vs. Field testing  
Factor Laboratory Field
Fouling 
Challenge
Known, single species Multiple species, 
uncontrolled
Temperature,
salinity & pH
Known & measured Uncontrolled, 
monitored?
Flow Static or characterised 
(flow cell)
Uncontrolled (tidal?)
Light 
exposure 
Controlled Uncontrolled 
Immersion/
test period 
Relatively short (hours, 
days, weeks)
Can be long (>5 
years!)
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Minimising variation 
• Immersion of painted 
panels on rafts
• Static test 
(accelerated)
• Relative test
Factors that affect fouling:
Test conditions cannot be reproduced:
• Must make comparisons relative to a standard
• Trials must be planned to minimise variation due to 
these factors
Variation
Raft Design
light exposure
water flow 
flotsam / jetsam 
accumulation grazing species
Assessment
consistency
frequency
accuracy
categories / 
rating system
colour
thickness
Paint
batch variation
age
surface 
characteristics
Environmental 
Conditions
seasonality
pH, temperature, 
salinity
tidal flow / 
range
FW 
influx
fouling challenge (flora 
and fauna)pollution
geographic location
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Antifouling coating testing 
Purpose:
To predict which coatings would give best in-service antifouling 
performance on a real vessel
NOT
To provide an absolute census of marine biology resident on the panel!
Ideal Test:
• Immerse panels under exactly the same conditions
• Same time
• Same location
• Obtain a direct comparison between coatings
Reality:
• Need to compromise!
• Immerse adjacent panels at the same time
• Not a direct comparison between coatings
Sources of Uncertainty:
Assessment Error
Assessment Error
Variation in fouling 
pressure
+
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Test method selection 
There are a major considerations when selecting a test
method/design
• What are you trying to find out?
• Panel design 
• No replicates, 
• Size and type of substrate 
• Location 
• Immersion site(s)
• Depth of panel  
• Assessment regime
• Data quality vs. Resource
D
ata Q
uality
Resource
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Panel Design 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Variation in fouling 
pressure
Is this significant for a 2’x2’ panel?
Slime / Fish Effects Hydroid / Weed Variation Weed Variation
All coatings are the same
Hard Bodied Animal 
Variation
Zonation and stratification of fouling settlement results in a 
non-uniform fouling challenge
Fouling variation 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Antifouling Raft Testing
Historical Raft Testing using coating strips
50
60
70
80
90
100
K701 K702 K703 K704 K705 K706 K707 K708 K709
A
F
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Which is the best coating? - They’re all the same(!)
• Fouling is unpredictable. Fouling challenge can vary significantly even over the 
area of a 2‟ x 2‟ panel
• Sensitivity of this test is low
• Limit of data quality available is low
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Non-biocidal Surfaces
• In non-biocidal systems different 
organisms respond differently to 
the different coating surfaces
• Harder to determine true 
performance
• Strip testing does not lend itself 
to statistical analysis of data
• Subtleties of performance 
differences can be missed 
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Variation in fouling 
pressure
How can we minimise the effect this has on our testing?
This has been thought about before…
Rearrange
Unequal distribution of fouling challenge More equal distribution of fouling challenge
6X6 layout will provide:
• Fairer test of coatings
• Better quality data 
Minimsing variation 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
1 2 3 4 ST CT 
ST CT 1 2 3 4 
3 4 ST CT 1 2 
CT 1 2 3 4 ST 
4 ST CT 1 2 3 
2 3 4 ST CT 1 
 
Panel standard design   
• 10x10cm squares
• Natural variance in fouling is 
accounted for
• Each coating appears in 
each row and each column 
(Latin Square variant)
• Coatings are tested next to a 
standard and a control
• Standard (A/F product)
• Control (Primer)
• Panel edged and backed with 
a non-biocidal coating 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Raft 4
Raft 5
Intersite variation 
• Immersion at multiple test-sites provides 
information about variation of performance with 
• Fouling challenge (tropical vs. temperate)
• Other environmental factors – temperature, 
salinity, flow etc. 
Viareggio,  Italy 
Changi, Singapore  Newton Ferrers, UK   
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Assessment Methods
• Better data = more sensitive analyses
• Measurements
• Percent cover
• Number of individuals
• Size of individuals
• Biomass
• Species
• Percent cover
• Visual
• Stereology
• Image analysis
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Percent Cover Measurements
• Visual Assessment
• Quickest and cheapest
• Widely used in field ecology
• Stereology
• Robust statistical approach
• Widely used in medicine
• Can be use in field with overlay or gridded 
quadrats
• Commonly used with digital photographs
• Image analysis
• Hard to segment biofouling images
• Need manual tracing and filling
• Slow, very slow
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Comparison of methods
• Meese & Tomich (1992)
• Compared visual, stereology, and manual digital segmentation
• Visual and stereology not good for rare  (<1%) species, 
otherwise robust
• Visual estimation recommended for field work
• Vanha-Majamaa et al (2000)
• Compared visual and automatic and manual segmentation
• Number of species detected higher visually
• Visual estimation faster and as precise as manual segmentation
• Drummond & Connell (2005)
• Compared in field visual estimation vs lab stereology 
(random/square arrays, different densities of dots), and manual 
digital segmentation.
• Precision unaffected by density or environment. 
• Major concern number of replicates and area analysed 
therefore swiftest (visual) often preferred
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
10% 10%
Visual Assessment – Scattered vs. Local
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
What to measure
• Species level
• Tedious
• Requires high level taxonomic skills
• Makes inter-site comparisons difficult
• Functional group
• Categorising organisms by niche
• Less taxonomy but more ecological knowledge needed
• Very useful for understanding function of communities
• Fouling Category
• Hard, soft, weed, micro
• Blurs data but maps nicely onto hydrodynamic studies
• Quick, requires little taxonomy
• Longitudinal and spatial comparisons easy
A
ssessm
ent S
peed
D
at
a 
C
om
pl
ex
ity
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Assessment Methods 
Barnacles
(Cthalamus stellatus)
Weed
(Enteromorpha 
intestinalis)
Hydroids
(Tubularia indivisa)
Microalgae
Red Brown Green
Macroalgae
Unlimited Limited
Soft Bodied
Barnacles Tube Worms Mussels Other
Hard Shelled
Animal
Fouling Organism
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Organisms on Panels at UK test Sites
 
Organism Category Burnham Ferrers 
Anemone Soft   
Barnacle Hard   
Bryozoan bushy Hard   
Bryozoan flat Hard   
Hydroid Soft   
Mud Shrimp -   
Mussel Hard   
Oyster Hard   
Slime Micro   
Slipper limpet -   
Sponge Soft   
Tube worm Hard   
Tunicate Clear/orange Soft   
Tunicate Colonial Soft   
Tunicate Leathery Soft   
Weed brown Weed   
Weed green Weed   
Weed red Weed   
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
 Soft 
 Hard 
 Micro 
 Weed 
 
Visual Assessment 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Image Analysis 
• Remote assessments using Image Analysis
• Reduces raft time
• Increases confidence in data(?)
• Less assessment is required (only relevant panels)
• Assessment can be carried out at any time (and 
repeated) 
• Issues  
• Need high quality photos – Ideally one photo (>12 MP)
• Need to train people in taking of photographs
• Storage of photos 
• Resource is required to carry out analysis at desktop 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Image Analysis – % Cover  
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
• Stereology interface with user 
controls for zooming, panel tracking 
and results export to Excel
• Adds data to a standard worksheet
• Permits assessment of multiple 
panels on single photograph of same 
board
Image Analysis – Stereology
• Freeware from NIH
• Java based
• 80,000 users, platform 
independent
• Easy to implement personal 
routines and interface
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Panel number 408F Micro(%) : 8 Soft(%) : 25
11 %C.I : 95 Weed(%) : 10 Hard(%) : 40
Mean normalised % CI Mean normalised % CI worse better
1620 6.33 -67.00 7.48 253.33 -2350.00 299.33 better 0 1
1602 69.17 -4.17 13.49 2766.67 163.33 539.53 - 0 0
1608 94.83 21.50 3.14 3788.33 1185.00 131.62 - 0 0
1614 90.67 17.33 10.05 3576.67 973.33 385.73 - 0 0
ST 73.33 0.00 18.54 2603.33 0.00 1119.04 - - -
CT 96.67 23.33 6.53 3866.67 1263.33 261.33 - 0 0
0 0
Coating 1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT Total
1620 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
1602 1 - 0 0 0 0 1
1608 1 1 - 0 0 0 2
1614 1 0 0 - 0 0 1
ST 1 0 0 0 - 0 1
CT 1 1 0 0 0 - 2
HIGHEST SCORE IS THE WORST
Is Vertical coating better than Horizontal coating?
3rd
2nd
2nd
3rd
2nd
Coating details
0
Better than 
Std?
% Penalties :
Ranking based on 
H. rating
Best
No. weeks immersed 
0
Fouling % Hydrodynamic rating
0
0
0
0
Total fouling coverage (%) per coating
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
F
o
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lin
g
 c
o
ve
ra
g
e 
(%
)
95 Total hydrodynamic rating per coating
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
H
yd
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95
Fouling coverage (%) by fouling category
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
F
o
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lin
g
 c
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g
e 
(%
)
Micro Weed
Soft Hard
95 Hydrodynamic rating due to fouling 
0
500
1000
1500
200
2500
3000
3500
4000
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
H
yd
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am
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at
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Micro Weed
Soft Hard
95% Conf.% Conf.
% Conf.% Conf.
Panel number 408F Micro(%) : 8 Soft(%) : 25
11 %C.I : 95 Weed(%) : 10 Hard(%) : 40
Mean normalised % CI Mean normalised % CI worse better
1620 10.54 -58.84 10.60 421.77 -2223.13 424.15 better 0 1
1602 72.11 2.72 6.08 2884.35 239.46 243.23 - 0 0
1608 96.26 26.87 4.89 3785.03 1140.14 311.39 - 0 0
1614 90.82 21.43 10.97 3589.12 944.22 424.96 - 0 0
ST 69.39 0.00 22.98 2644.90 0.00 1044.28 - - -
CT 100.00 30.61 0.00 4000.00 1355.10 0.00 worse 1 0
1 0
Coating 1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT Total
1620 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
1602 1 - 0 0 0 0 1
1608 1 1 - 0 0 0 2
1614 1 1 0 - 0 0 2
ST 1 0 0 0 - 0 1
CT 1 1 0 0 1 - 3
HIGHEST SCORE IS THE WORST
Is Vertical coating better than Horizontal coating?
3rd
3rd
2nd
4th
2nd
Coating details
0
Better than 
Std?
% Penalties :
Ranking based on 
H. rating
Best
No. weeks immersed 
0
Fouling % Hydrodynamic rating
0
0
0
0
Total fouling coverage (%) per coating
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
F
o
u
lin
g
 c
o
ve
ra
g
e 
(%
)
95 Total hydrodynamic rating per coating
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
H
yd
ro
d
yn
am
ic
 r
at
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g
95
Fouling coverage (%) by fouling category
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
F
o
u
lin
g
 c
o
ve
ra
g
e 
(%
)
Micro Weed
Soft Hard
95 Hydrodynamic rating due to fouling 
0
500
1000
1500
200
2500
3000
3500
4000
1620 1602 1608 1614 ST CT
H
yd
ro
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am
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 r
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g
Micro Weed
Soft Hard
95% Conf.% Conf.
% Conf.% Conf.
In-field Assessment Image Analysis Assessment 
Image Analysis – In-field vs. Desk-top
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
How to analyse?
• Total percent cover
• Percent cover by type
• Hydrodynamic effect
• Multivariate and univariate 
analyses
• ANOVA, MANOVA, 
GLZM, GEE
Hydrodynamic Rating vs. Time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (weeks)
H
. R
at
in
g
2325 2326 2327 2328 ST CT
Error Bars = 95% Conf. Intervals
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Performance
Assessment
Phoenix Anti-Fouling Immersion Test Data Panel  66-34F    1st Assessment
Phoenix Panel Number: 34F Immersion Date: 17-Nov-99 Immersion Site:
Raft Panel Bay Number: AH7F Assessment Date: 06-Jan-00 Country :
Trial Row Column Coating % Microfouling % Weed % Soft-Bodied Animal % Hard-Bodied Animal % Total Fouling 
A1 1 1 215 0 20 70 5 95
A2 1 2 216 0 5 85 0 90
A3 1 3 217 0 70 5 0 75
A4 1 4 218 0 20 70 0 90
A5 1 5 ST 0 10 45 5 60
A6 1 6 CT 0 0 95 5 100
B1 2 1 ST 0 10 75 15 100
B2 2 2 CT 0 5 75 10 90
B3 2 3 215 0 20 55 0 75
B4 2 4 216 0 65 10 0 75
B5 2 5 217 0 15 10 0 25
B6 2 6 218 0 5 90 5 100
C1 3 1 217 0 0 60 0 60
C2 3 2 218 0 0 70 5 75
C3 3 3 ST 0 10 50 15 75
C4 3 4 CT 0 0 90 10 100
C5 3 5 215 0 0 90 5 95
C6 3 6 216 0 5 55 0 60
D1 4 1 CT 0 5 70 20 95
D2 4 2 215 0 0 50 30 80
D3 4 3 216 0 0 55 5 60
D4 4 4 217 0 0 30 0 30
D5 4 5 218 0 0 85 10 95
D6 4 6 ST 0 5 85 0 90
E1 5 1 218 0 10 20 30 60
E2 5 2 ST 0 5 45 30 80
E3 5 3 CT 0 0 60 40 100
E4 5 4 215 0 0 65 15 80
E5 5 5 216 0 0 55 5 60
E6 5 6 217 0 10 40 0 50
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Data Analysis
Plot of Mean% Fouling of Coatings by Fouling Category
Assessment 1
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
A B C D ST CT
Coating
M
ea
n 
%
 F
ou
lin
g 
C
ov
er
Microfouling
Weed
Soft-Bodied Animal
Hard-Bodied Animal
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Significance Testing 
NORMAL DATA
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to 
determine whether there are any significant 
differences
• A test of comparisons (Dunnett,Tukey, 
Bonferroni) can be used  to determine which 
coatings are significantly different from each 
other
NON-NORMAL DATA
• Non-parametric analysis is ANOVA carried out 
(Kruskal-Wallis)
• Coatings are mean ranked
0
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Fr
e
q
u
e
n
cy
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Statistical Methods - ANOVA 
Coating Comparisons
Test  1-way between subjects ANOVA
 
Hard-Bodied by Coating: A, B, C, Control, D, Standard
Performed by  dwilliams Date 24 October 2002
n 36  
Hard-Bodied by Coating n Mean SD SE
A 6 0.304 0.199 0.0813
B 6 0.141 0.167 0.0683
C 6 0.038 0.092 0.0376
Control 6 0.450 0.197 0.0803
D 6 0.263 0.188 0.0768
Standard 6 0.333 0.198 0.0808
Source of variation SSq DF MSq F p
Coating 0.641 5 0.128 4.06 0.0062
Within cells 0.947 30 0.032
Total 1.589 35
Bonferroni
Contrast Difference 95% CI
A v Standard -0.029 -0.311 to 0.253  
B v Standard -0.192 -0.474 to 0.091  
C v Standard -0.295 -0.578 to -0.013  (significant)
Control v Standard 0.117 -0.165 to 0.399  
D v Standard -0.070 -0.352 to 0.212  
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Hydrodynamic Rating to Measure Static Antifouling 
Performance.
Fouling Coverage; 37 weeks; Changi
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2325 2326 2327 2328 ST CT
F
o
u
lin
g
 c
o
ve
ra
g
e 
(%
)
Error Bars = 95% Conf. Intervals
  Micro
  Weed
  Soft
  Hard
Step 1:
Assessment of 
fouling coverage 
from antifouling 
board (6x6 Latin 
square design). 
Fouling coverage 
broken down into 
four categories.
Hydrodynamic Rating; 37 weeks; Changi
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2325 2326 2327 2328 ST CT
H
yd
ro
d
yn
am
ic
 R
at
in
g
Error Bars = 95% Conf. Intervals
Hydrodynamic Factors:
Micro: 8 Soft: 25
Weed: 10 Hard: 40
Step 2:
Cumulative H-
rating 
determined by 
accounting for 
impact on vessel 
hydrodynamics 
of each fouling 
type (M.P. Schultz 
(US Navy), Biofouling 
2007)
Time Weighted Average Hydrodynamic Rating
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (weeks)
T
im
e 
W
td
. A
ve
ra
g
e 
H
. R
at
in
g
2325 2326 2327 2328 ST CT
Step 3:
Frequent, regular 
assessments 
allow for 
performance 
monitoring 
against time.
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Biofouling Adhesion Measurements  
• Various methods used from simple to 
complex  
• Standard brush test
• Barnacle Adhesion Measurements 
• Water-jet testing 
• Hydrodynamic Foil Measurements
• Can measurements be used to predict 
required vessel speed for release? 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Barnacle Adhesion Measurement 
• Commonly used Barnacle adhesion strength in 
shear (push-off)   ASTM D5618-94
• Applying a force, normally with a hand-held 
force gauge, parallel to the attached plane of 
the barnacle at an approximate rate (4.5Ns-1) 
until it is removed from the surface
• Measuring the attachment area, either by 
measuring the diameter of the barnacle or 
using a flat-bed scanner and image analysis to 
directly determine the area 
Automated 
In-field 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Barnacle Adhesion Strength –
In-field Data
• Issues
• Species to species variation 
• Growth on defects 
• Growing enough barnacles!
Foul-Release - In-field data barnacle push-offs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
A B C D
IN
TE
RS
LE
EK
SI
LC
IO
NE
 A
CO
NT
RO
L
Coating Type
A
dh
es
io
n 
Fo
rc
e 
(P
S
I)
A         B            C
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Water-jet Testing 
• Water-jet Variable pressure
• Fouling type versus pressure
• Comparative test
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Dynamic Test Methods
• Must be representative of ship‟s hull hydrodynamics 
• Flow characteristics should be well characterised  - eq. ship 
speed 
• Must give reproducible and reliable results
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Drum Rotors
• Drum diameter and rotation rate selected to give desired speed
• „Pseudo-test patch‟
• Ideal for antifouling, polishing rate and foul release testing
• Power must be supplied to raft 
• ASTM D 4939 – Static / Dynamic Exposure
• Alternates between static and dynamic exposure to simulate in-
service conditions
•
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Other Dynamic Tests
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Instrumented foil 
• Test developed by Professor Geoff Swain at FIT
• Foil mounted in rear of  powerboat 
• Specially designed window allows exact fit of panel below boat 
• Panel removed, photographed, cleaned and re-run for clean panel 
comparison data
Foul-release coating after  
1minutes @20 knots
Foul-release coating after  
cleaning 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Intersleek Testing 
After 4 knots for 1 min After 7.5 knots for 1 min
After 12 knots for 1 min After 16.5 knots for 1 min After 20 knots for 1 min
Before Testing
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Test-patches
• The ultimate antifouling and in-service performance test
• Suitable for all end-uses
• Ships, yachts, aquaculture etc.
• Vary is size small (1m2) to large (100m2)
Benefits 
• “Real-life” performance
• Dynamic and static 
• Demonstrate performance to customer  
Concerns
• Expensive 
• Application/dry-dock costs
• Assessment costs
• Number of patches?
• Risk – failure can be expensive!
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Test Patches – Types
• Conventional Application
• Yachts - Brush/roller
• Marine vessels - Airless spray
• Aquaculture – dipping   
• Magnetic/Adhesive Panels/Tape applied to 
vessels in dry dock
• Inspection by diver/drydock to retrieve 
panel/tape
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Test-patch assessment 
Yachts
• Hauled and assessed visually or by 
image analysis 
Ships 
• Ideally assessed in dry-dock
• Underwater inspections 
• Good water conditions 
• Correct equipment & training 
Marine CoatingsFor internal use only – not to be circulated to customers or outside International Paint Ltd.
Answers & Questions!
Picture Hard Soft Weed Micro Total
1
62 4 0 21 87