Java程序辅导

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www.monash.edu.au
IMS1603 Lectures 11 & 12
Documentary form and the 
impact of ICT
(based on the work of Robert Hartland)
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Today’s lecture
• Are there new kinds of documents in a 
digital environment?
• ICT capabilities
• ‘Fluid’ documents and the need for 
‘fixity’
– Digital information products versus digital 
records
• Some examples
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What’s new on the WWW?
• Plenty of new content
• Plenty of content that was once 
difficult to access
• But have these assumed new
forms?
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Documentary forms persist over time
• An application form is an application 
form
• A catalogue is a catalogue
• An encyclopedia is an encyclopedia
• A medical record is a medical record
Regardless of the medium it is
re-presented in
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Forms persist ...
if the necessary conditions are in place, 
such as
– an audience
– a medium
– a fast reproducing technology (particularly  
for information products)
– suitable economic/business/social motives
– an appropriate political/social climate
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Forms persist …
• from one technology and medium 
to another
• if there is a continuing demand or 
need for them
• with relatively little change
– unless the new technology/medium is 
held to enhance functionality
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So, what is new?
New documentary forms:
• Blogs? 
• Personal homepages?
• What else?
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So, what is new?
New functionalities:
• Rapid, inexpensive distribution
• Multiple access points
• Absence of time/space constraints
• Compound and ‘hybrid’ documents
• Ease of editing 
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ICT and information distribution
• Info creators can now more easily be 
publishers
• Lessened dependence upon physical 
media can lead to savings
• Greatly reduced lead times in publication
• Rapid access to much broader audience
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ICT and access to information
• Information can be accessed from 
almost anywhere
• More and more institutions and 
agencies have a virtual dimension
– Shops, banks, government departments, 
offices, libraries and archives etc.
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ICT and access to information
• May be easier to work from/at home
• Emergence of national or global 
‘cyber communities’
– that share information, arrange real 
time/real space events, co-ordinate 
actions etc.
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ICT and time/space
• Geographic borders/distances often 
less relevant
• Real time (and other) collaborations 
across distances facilitated
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ICT and time/space
• Information can be more ‘current’ more 
quickly
• Information transfer between nations/ 
agencies/ communities etc. – easier, 
faster, less expensive
– e.g. international banking and markets,
international policing, diasporas, political activity
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ICT and compound/hybrid documents
• Easy to merge documents of 
different types into one 
– copy/paste, insert or hyperlinks
• A single document can be made up 
of any combination of text, graphics 
and animation, images (moving and 
still), sound
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ICT and ‘editability’
• Most current information can be easily 
incorporated by addition or substitution
• Creators and publishers can easily revise
• Key for information products and records 
where currency is a priority
• And mistakes are easily rectified
In sum, the capacity for considerable 
fluidity
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Fluid documents
• Can be changed at any time
• May contain dynamic, constantly 
changing data
– Stock market updates, real time images, hit 
counters etc.
• New material can be added as required
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Fluid documents
• Interactions with users are possible 
– postings to email discussion/feedback etc
• Changes are usually ‘seamless’
All very admirable, but …
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Fixity can be essential
• Fixity gives confidence that data/ 
information will be the same at 
repeated ‘viewings’
– e.g. checking the ‘facts’, knowing that a web-
based resource will still be available
• This is particularly important with
information by-products ie records
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Fixity can be essential
• If evidence is not fixed, how much use 
can it be?
• Providing appropriate guarantees of 
fixity for electronic records is a major 
IM challenge
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Newspapers
Emerged in late 18th century thanks to:
– Suitable technologies (movable type 
press / steam or electric powered 
presses)
– Cheap medium (newsprint)
– Increasing literacy and a growing market
– Growing impetus for a new public sphere
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Newspapers
Structural Elements Include -
COLUMNS SECTIONS: (sports, food etc)
NEWSPRINT NEWS (international and local)
ARTICLES COMICS
PHOTOGRAPHS CARTOONS
BYLINES HEADLINES
‘JOURNALESE’ MASTHEAD
FEATURES DATE
EDITORIAL ADVERTISEMENTS
WEATHER FINANCE
CLASSIFIEDS
Many were in place 
from the earliest 
days
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Boom in the 19th and 20th centuries
• A business world and professional 
circles in need of information and news
• A rising working class with its own needs
• Compulsory education
• A state keen to regulate the media
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Boom in the 19th and 20th centuries
• Paper available in large rolls
• Telephone, telegraph, transatlantic 
cable
• News agencies (e.g. Reuters)
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Challenge of new media
Competition from: radio (1930s)
television (1950s)
Leveling off of circulation figures
Owners respond by using new technologies 
to cut production costs:
– Photocomposition (no more typesetters and compositors)
– Automation of processes
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The contemporary newspaper
• Journalists with desktop terminals 
connected to a server
– Online editing, research, story placement
• Online transmission to photo-
compositors, then to hard copy
• Web-based versions of most major 
papers are now available
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Web-based versions …
retain many features of the paper-based 
newspaper
– story content and style
– masthead
– weather
– sections
– cartoons
– editorial
– letters etc.
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Web-based versions …
can also add:
– interactivity
– different ways of navigating
– audio and video content etc.
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Advantages of online papers
• easily and frequently updated
• low costs of delivery
• sponsors/advertisers can link to 
their web sites 
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Disadvantages
• Links can be slow
• Finding yesterday’s paper? 
• emergence of online ‘archives’
• Physically inconvenient
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McAdams (1994) – pre-WWW concerns
• ‘Think about footnotes.’
• ‘Think about length restrictions.’
• ‘How did I get here?’
• ‘Keep the good, throw out the rest.’ 
• ‘Blaze trails through the forest of 
information.’
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McAdams (1994) – pre-WWW concerns
• ‘Bring along some design principles.’
• ‘Encourage skimming and scanning.’
• ‘Don't make it difficult.’
• ‘Build a friendly interface.’ 
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Online newspapers: Boczkowski (1999)
What has the WWW meant for:
– audience-generated content?
– how reporters collect information?
– the profile of newspaper readers? 
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Online newspapers: Deuze (2003) 
The WWW has seen the emergence of:
– a ‘fourth’ kind of journalism (after print/radio/TV)
– mainstream sites that often replicate print editions
– new kinds of news sites (e.g. meta, alternative)
– widely varying levels of interaction
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Online newspapers: He & Zhu (2002) 
In China, 
– PCs remain expensive
– the state has an ambivalent attitude to the WWW
– most WWW users are young professionals
– online papers are growing in number, but continue to 
run at a financial loss
– online papers are more commonly ‘brochure-ware’ than 
focal points for interactive communities
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Exercises for Lab 6
Evaluating:
– online telephone directories
– online newspapers
– online CD catalogues
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Exercises for Lab 6
• Evaluating online telephone directories:
– How long does it take to find the information you seek? 
– How does this compare with a hardcopy telephone 
directory? 
– In what ways is using the online version the same as 
using a paper-based directory? 
– What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of each 
format? 
– What information and services can be accessed online 
that cannot be conveniently found in the paper form? 
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Exercises for Lab 6
Assessing the nature of online newspapers 
using some of the criteria identified by Dibean
(1999):
– Discussion Forums
– Chat Rooms
– Related Information for stories
– Video
– Audio
– Flash
– Other plug-in based technologies
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Exercises for Lab 6
Assessing the nature of online 
newspapers using some of the criteria 
identified by Dibean (1999):
– Java Applets
– Electronic Mail
– Polls with Instantaneous Results
– Search Tool
– Consumer Services
– Sign-up for electronic delivery of a personalized 
newspaper
– Instantaneous Updates of Information
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Exercises for Tute 6
• Read and summarise an article chosen 
from this web site:
http://www.well.com/user/mmcadams/onlis
t.articles.html
• Discuss and compare the arguments 
made in these articles.
• How would you customise an online 
paper/phone directory/CD catalogue?
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Further reading
W. Benjamin (1973) Charles Baudelaire. London: NLB.
P. Boczkowski (1999) ‘Understanding the development of online newspapers’, New 
Media & Society 1(1).
M. Deuze (2003) ‘The web and its journalisms: considering the consequences of 
different types of newsmedia online’, New Media & Society 5(2).
W. Dibean (1999) ‘How U.S. Newspapers are using their Internet counterparts’,  
http://www.miami.edu/com/car/luton3.htm , accessed 25 March 2004. 
R. Hartland, S. McKemmish & F. Upward (2005) ‘Documents’, in S. McKemmish et al. 
(eds.) Archives: Recordkeeping in Society. Wagga Wagga: Centre for Information 
Studies, Charles Sturt University.
Z. He & J. Zhu (2002) ‘The ecology of online newspapers: the case of China’, Media, 
Culture & Society Vol. 24.
McAdams, M. (1994) ‘Driving a Newspaper on the Data Highway’, 
http://www.well.com/user/mmcadams/online.newspapers.html, accessed 25 March 
2004. H. Mackay & T. O’Sullivan (1999) The Media Reader: Continuity and 
Transformation. London: Sage.
N. Wardrip-Fruin & N. Montfort (eds.) (2003) theNewMediaReader. Cambridge: MIT 
Press.
R. Williams (1971) Communications. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
R. Williams (1976) Keywords. Glasgow: Fontana.