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CS-M00 Research Methodology
Lecture 5: Bibliographies
Anton Setzer
http://www.cs.swan.ac.uk/∼csetzer/lectures/
researchmethodology/11/index.html
Monday, 17 October 2011
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Importance of Using Scientific Publications
I Some material on the Internet is very good, some can be
highly unreliable.
I Need to learn to use research publications.
I Research publications are mainly
I Scientific Journals,
I Proceedings,
I Handbooks,
I Research Monographs.
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Scientific Publications
I Scientific publications have to be as objective as possible.
I Not heavy motivation to convince the reader of something –
no attempt to manipulate the reader.
I Pictures restricted to those needed to explain the topic.
I More dry.
I Essays and theses written for this module should be of similar
nature.
I There are as well some more magazine like scientific
publications.
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Location of Scientific Publications
I Good guidance: Search on Google Scholar (see Lecture 1).
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Journals
I Usually journal articles are the best quality one can obtain.
I From scientific publishers such as Springer, Elsevier, Oxford
University Press, Cambridge University Press.
I Typically called “Journal of”, “Archive of”, “Annals of”, . . .
I Subscriptions very expensive (typically 1000 £ per year).
I Swansea University has electronic subscriptions to many
journals.
I On Campus.
I Off campus using Athens.
I Access via DOI pages (see lecture 1).
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Proceedings
I Collections of articles.
I Usually related to a conference (published before the
conference or after).
I Might be as well collections of articles related to a birthday or
retirement of somebody.
I There are as well specific collections of articles related to a
topic.
I E.g. articles related model checking (a verification technique).
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Handbooks
I Handbooks are often high quality collection of articles on a
certain topic.
I Highly regarded if directed at a scientific audience.
I Handbooks are often very expensive and highly regarded.
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Research Monographs
I Books on research topics.
I Highly regarded.
I Typically rather dry.
I Often from scientific publishers such as Elsevier, Springer,
Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press.
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Textbooks
I More accessible monographs.
I Directed towards students or the general audience.
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Material on the Web
I Many new discoveries are first presented on the Web.
I Lots of material is of high quality.
I Wikipedia is usually of high quality.
I You can (and in fact should) use them but you should have in
your references as well non-web articles.
I Journal articles, proceedings articles etc. available from the
web count as “non-web-articles”.
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CS-M81 Java, Exception Handling and GUIs
I New module for students in
I CAST MSc, FIT MSc, MSc in Advanced Computer Science,
I who have no background in Java.
I 10 credits
I Will take place in TB1 + 2.
I Students attend lectures and lab classes for CS-M41
(Programming with Java, Dr Oliver Kullmann).
I There will be extra lectures in TB 2 regarding exception
handling and GUIs.
I The assessment will take place in TB 2 (coursework).
I Probably 50 % coursework, 50 % exam (to be decided).
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Status
I Module is not yet in our computer system, but will become
available soon.
I Students need to get approval by Anton Setzer to be admitted
to this module.
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Tutorials
I All of you should have been in contact with your tutor by now.
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Miniproject
I CS-M00 is evaluationed by coursework only:
I 50 % a report on a miniproject.
I 50 % a presentation taking place in the last 3 weeks of TB1.
I In most cases this miniproject will be an essay on some topic.
I In case of the MSc in Adv. Computer Science/CAST
MSc/FIT MSc the project should be related to the
specialiation the student has chosen.
I HCI, Visual Computing, Software Technology, Safe and Secure
Systems, Web Science.
I Students in the non-specialist MSc have no specialisation.
I There is as well the possibility to do a very small programming
exercise, mathematical proof, or user study related to the
specialisation of the student.
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Miniproject
I The topic of the Mini project will be decided by the tutor.
I Each student in a tutorial group should have a different topic.
I The length of the essay should be 2000 - 3000 words.
I In case of a miniproject involving some technical work such as
programming, it can be shorter.
I The deadline is Monday 21 November, 11:00.
I In week 8 - 10 (starting 22 November) students have to give
their presentations.
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Good Practice for Essays and theses
I Everything you should use should be cited.
I It is expected that your documents contain citations.
I Citations are regarded as something positive.
I A good scientists explains clearly his sources so that the reader
can verify his sources independently.
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Keep track of References and Sources
I Collect references for everything you use.
I Collect as well sources.
I You are required to provide copies of the web pages you used
in your MSc thesis on request.
I Web pages change fast, you might not find the same
information when you want to check it later.
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Writing References
I Many different styles occur in the scientific literature.
I Most important:
I Uniform style.
I Alphabetically sorted (by last name of first author or first main
word of title, if no author given).
I Completeness of the citations. It should allow others to locate
the article in question.
I When using LATEX easy to get a uniform style using Bibtex.
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Bibtex (LATEX)
I LATEXusers can obtain excellent bibliographies using Bibtex.
I You need only to specify the fields required for a publication
such as author, title, year.
I Bibtex typesets it correctly for you.
I Warning
I Many Bibtex entries available on the web need to be adapted.
I Often special characters need to be replaced by LATEX macros
I Often letters required to be in capital need to be put in {}
(e.g. {J}ava)
I Bibtex will in titles convert all capitals into lowercase if not
surrounded by {· · · }.
I Bibtex entries by Google Scholar currently often of poor
quality.
I Bibtex entries provided by publishers better, but often
problems with special characters.
I Bibtex entries provided by the authors usually good (but not
always).
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Identifying a Bibliography Style
I Best to take one or two articles, look at their bibliography and
follow their style uniformly.
I Ask your tutor or supervisor to correct your bibliography.
I In the following presentation of one style (you can use most
styles occurring in the scientific literature).
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Bibliography Style alpha
I One of the most commonly used styles from Bibtex.
I Abbreviations used are of the form [Ab07].
I Ab are the first two letters of the author (here Andreas Abel).
I 07 stands for 2007.
I 96 stands for 1997.
I Other system is numbered (e.g. [3], [12]).
I Difficult to guess in text what is meant by a citation [13].
I Because of alphabetic order, numbers change when adding
new publications. Difficult to maintain.
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Bibliography Style alpha
I Multiple authors: use the capitals of the authors, e.g.
[BKS96] for an article by authors with surnames Berger,
Kullmann, Setzer, or [BK03] for an article by authors with
surnames Berger, Kullmann.
I If no author available take the letters of the first main word in
the title.
I Omit words such as “The”, “On”, . . ..
I “The art of computer programming” published 2001 without
author is abbreviated as [Ar01].
I Web pages have always a title (displayed in the browser) and
sometimes an author.
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Example Entry: Journal
[AAD07] Andreas Abel, Klaus Aehlig, and Peter Dybjer.
Normalization by evaluation for Martin-Lo¨f Type
Theory with one universe. Electron. Notes Theor.
Comput. Sci., 173:17 – 39, 2007.
I Authors in the order as they occur in the article (often
alphabetical, but not always).
I Title in Roman font, Journal name in italic.
I 173 is the volume of the journal (usually there is one volume
per year, sometimes there are more volumes per year or
volumes stretching over several years).
I 17 - 39 are the pages.
I 2007 is the year.
I Note order, punctuation:
Authors. Title. JournalNameAbbreviated, volume:page –
page, year.
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Example: Proceedings
[Al01] Thorsten Altenkirch.Representation of first order
function types as terminal coalgebras. In Samson
Abramsky, editor, Typed Lambda Calculi and,
applications, pages 8 – 21. Springer Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 2044, 2001.
I Order: Author. TitleContribution. In Editor, editor, Booktitle,
pages first – last. Publisher, year.
I In this example we have a “Lecture Notes in Computer
Science” volume, which is cited by writing instead of the
publisher Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science +
number.
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Example: Book
[ML84] Per Martin-Lo¨f. Intuitionistic type theory.
Bibliopolis, Naples, 1984.
I Author is abbreviated as ML (and not Ma) since it is a double
name.
I Order: Author. Booktitle. Publisher, LocationOfPublisher,
year.
I If the publisher is well known (e.g. Springer, Elsevier), one
can omit the location of the publisher.
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Handbook Articles
I You can reference the whole handbook as a book. (You can
cite as well a complete proceedings volume as a book).
I You can reference individual chapters separately, especially if
by different authors).
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Unpublished
[McB11] Conor McBride. Let’s see how things unfold.
Extended abstract. Available from
http://strictlypositive.org/ObsCoin.pdf,
2011.
I Author is abbreviated as McB (and not Mc) because of the
second capital in his name.
(Don’t worry about such sophisticated abbreviations, using
“Mc” would have been perfectly okay).
I Order: Author. Title. Minidiscription. Available from
webaddress, year.
I Extended abstract was here part of the title.
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Unpublished (Continued)
[McB11] Conor McBride. Let’s see how things unfold.
Extended abstract. Available from
http://strictlypositive.org/ObsCoin.pdf,
2011.
I Minidescription is here “Extended abstract” as provided by
the author. Other descriptions occurring are: “Slides” (if it
are the slides of a talk). “Draft”, “Manuscript” (if it is hand
written), “Blog”.
I If no year given explicitly, write instead:
downloaded date/monthy/year, e.g. downloaded 12 July 2011.
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Citing
I Citing in the text is written as follows:
I In [McB11], p. 50, McBride writes: “Let’s see how things
unfold”.
I In [ML84], p. 20, Martin-Lo¨f introduces the W -type.
I Java is consistent [CA03,De05].
I Java is consistent [CA03], p. 15.
I It has been shown [CA03,De05], that Java is consistent.
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Referencing parts of a publications
I Don’t put references to a specific page (unless it is an
independent article or abstract) into your references.
I From a handbook or proceedings volume you can reference
individual chapters separately, if they are separate entities
(especially if by different authors).
I From a monograph one would in most cases not put
references to individual sections into the bibliography.
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Layout of References
References
[Ab07] Andreas Abel. The art of sized types.
Arch. Math. Log., 60:12 – 19, 2007.
[Se05] Anton Setzer. Object-oriented programming in
dependent type theory. In John Smith and John
Tucker, editors, Proceedings of the first conference
on Java, pages 12 - 50. Elsevier, 2nd Edition, 2005.
(Text should be justified, didn’t happen because of slide environment)
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Summary
I Use scientific publications (journals, proceedings, books,
monographs).
I References should be
I consistently formatted,
I alphabetically ordered,
I sufficient to locate the source.
I Use citations frequently.
I Refer to example references in the scientific literature.
I Ask your tutor supervisor about formatting.
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